Gdfhfh - 4008 Words

CREATIVE WRITING: is any writing that goes outside the bounds of normal professional, journalistic, academic, or technical forms of literature, typically identified by an emphasis on narrative craft, character development, and the use of literary tropes. Due to the looseness of the definition, it is possible for writing such as feature stories to be considered creative writing, even though they fall under journalism, because the content of features is specifically focused on narrative and character development. Both fictional and non-fictional works fall into this category, including such forms as novels, biographies, short stories, and poems. In the academic setting, creative writing is typically separated into fiction and poetry†¦show more content†¦Ã‚ · Have someone check your work.  · Recopy it correctly and neatly. STEP 5: PUBLISHING SHARE THE FINISHED PRODUCT  · Read your writing aloud to a group.  · Create a book of your work.  · Send a copy to a friend or relative.  · Put your writing on display.  · Illustrate, perform, or set your creation to music.  · Congratulate yourself on a job well done! STORY WRITING: Since prehistoric times, when tales were told around fires and painted on cave walls, stories have been an essential part of our human experience. But what exactly is a story – and how can you write a great one? A story is simply a tale of events that are linked by cause and effect. It can be true or it can be a work of fiction. We expect stories to have a beginning, middle and end; they involve at least two characters, and some events take place. Three Types of Story 1. Short Stories A short story is a piece of fiction under 20,000 words. More typically, a short story will be 1,000 – 5,000 words. (Pieces under 1,000 words are â€Å"short short stories† or â€Å"flash fiction†, over 20,000 and they’re novellas.) Short stories are published in magazines, newspapers and book anthologies. Short stories need: * A small cast of characters, with one main character * A compact time frame, with the story taking place over the course of a few days or weeks * A single plot

Significance of the Night of the Long Knives for Hitlers...

Significance of the Night of the Long Knives for Hitlers Power In the interwar years of 1933 to 1939, Europe saw the rise of Nazi Germany, which was to become the capstone of the inter-war period, and led to the eruption of World War II, shattering the fragile peace overseen by the League of Nations. But how did a party that was in a state of political decline manage this? The Nazi regimes advancement was paralleled by the life of its leader, Adolf Hitler, who perfected his oratorical skills and worked for the advancement of the Nazi party. Such advancement was slow in coming through the years 1925 to 1929, a fairly stable period in Europe. However, as the world became hindered in depression†¦show more content†¦There is evidence to prove that the Nazis themselves had set the fire, but in any case, this event had appropriate timing which furthered the Nazi election campaign concerning the Communist Threat. Hitler used the incident to persuade Hindenburg to restrict all individual rights and declare that the central government could oust any state government failing to maintain order. With the Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State, Hitler could justify his actions under the Decree by saying that it was a state of emergency and that it would be repealed when the emergency passed. However it was never repealed while the Nazis were in power. With the powers that this gave to the Nazis, the Reichstag Fire Decree was, in effect, the foundation of Nazi rule. The decree led to the legal persecution of political rivals, such as members of the Communist party, the KPD. Even so, the Nazis only won 43.9 percent of the electorate vote in 1933. To gain a two-thirds majority needed to pass the Enabling law, (the cornerstone of Nazi power) Hitler formed an alliance with the Nationalist party, and declared the communist party illegal. The Catholic Centre Party voluntarily liquidated itself when a deal was struck between Hitler and the Pope,Show MoreRelatedEssay on The Significance of the Night of Long Knives1907 Words   |  8 PagesThe Night of Long Knives, one of most noteworthy events during Hitler’s rule, was a purge that occurred on the 30th June 1934. Hitler ordered the murders of conspicuous Conservative anti-Nazis such as Kurt Von Schleicher and Gustav Ritter von Kahr, Left wing Nazis such as Gregor Strasser and many members of the SA including its leader Ernst Rohm. It could be claimed that the murders were significant as they ended a possible takeover by the SA, deterred and intimidated Conservative critics while gainingRead MoreErne st Rohm Was A German Military Officer And Founding Member Of The Nazi Party1594 Words   |  7 Pagesfounding member of the Nazi party, making him a close companion and early ally of Adolf Hitler. But, by 1934, Hitler had come to see him as a potential rival and had him executed during the Night of the Long Knives. The historical context of Germany in Rohm’s rise in power was what thrust him into the position of high power and authority. In a time of a fractured Germany, the Treaty of Versailles had reduced the German army to just 100,000 men, which was something that greatly angered all of the GermanRead MoreCharacter Log : William Dodd782 Words   |  4 Pages AP US History Summer Reading Project Character Log William Dodd: Born in 1869 in North Carolina. Went to the University of Leipzig where he earn his Ph.D. Dodd served as U.S ambassador to Germany when Hitler was rising in power. Dodd saw first hand how Germany was slowly transformed into a Nazi state. Dodd sent letters warning the government of the menace Hitlers Germany poses, but this warnings fell on deaf ears. William Dodd Jr.: William Dodd’s son who relocated with hisRead More A Comparison of Stalin and Hitler as Dictators Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesBoth men had help of others in order to be able to take the final step of gaining absolute power. Hitler had cleverly used Hindenburg and Von Papen, while Zinoviev was very much responsible for making Stalin , Lenins heir. The gaining of other peoples trust was essential for both, Stalin and Hitler careers and therefore is a noticeable similiarity. Hitler reached dictatorial power in 1933 after the Enabling Law was passed, which was only done after the burning of the ReichstagRead MoreConsolidation of Power of Hitler and the Nazis1410 Words   |  6 Pagesconsolidate their power by August 1934, was due to the combination of luck, manipulation of legal procedures and a willingness to be uterly ruthless. The Nazi position was extremly unstable and in shaky circumstances during January 193. However, after the events and actions taken to consolidate their power the Nazis grew stronger and became invulnerable for the time they were in power. Luck played an extremely significant role in the contribution to the Nazi consolidation of power. Hitler had beenRead MoreHow Hitler Maintained Power Between 1933 And 19452000 Words   |  8 Pagesconsider as to how Hitler maintained power between 1933 and 1945. Many historians argue that the most significant element was the consent of the German people. Others, however, suggest that factors such as: propaganda, force, opposition or economic factors, are accountable. By assessing these four passages, interpretations can be made as to which element was most significant. Interpretation A agrees to an extent that the most important element in maintaining Hitler’s regime was the consent of the GermanRead MoreThe Significance of Nazi Propaganda under Hitlers Rule Essay3090 Words   |  13 PagesThe Significance of Nazi Propaganda under Hitlers Rule The appointment of Adolf Hitler as chancellor of Germany in 1933 should, in theory, have been nothing more than merely a change of administration. However, from the start of their ‘seizure of power’ the Nazis were prepared to apply this power in ‘revolutionary’ ways. (Fest, 1974, p.373). In the elections of 1933 that resulted in Hitler’s chancellorship, the Nazi party only managed to gain 43.9% of the vote; yetRead MoreThe Persecution of Same-Sex Sexual Orientation during the Holocaust2464 Words   |  10 PagesWorld War two. This paper will explore the impact of the revision of Paragraph one hundred and seventy-five in nineteen thirty-five on the escalation of the persecution of Homosexuals in Nazi Germany, as well as other factors that could change Hitler’s tolerance towards the party and society. This will be achieved by exploring a number of papers concerning the promulgation of sexuality, the dogmatism of homosexuality, and primary sources from victims of the persecution to determine and analyzeRead MoreHitler Was A Weak Dictator2013 Words   |  9 Pagesdisrupted the conduct of affairs by continually acting on sudden impulses, each one different, and partly by delaying decisions on current matters.† Many of the measures Hitler upheld were in response to the pressure of events such as ‘The Night of the Long Knives’ of 1934; this was not a result of a predetermined strategy but a response to pressures from both business and the army. Hiden in his book ‘Explainin g Hitler s Germany’ further adds weight to Mommsen’s theory which is sustained by GoebbelsRead MoreHitlers Domestic Policies2976 Words   |  12 PagesEvaluate the impact on Germany of Hitler’s domestic policies between 1933 and 1945. Hitler aimed to affect key areas of German societal structure through the design and implementation of a range of domestic policies. These included policies which affected the political structure of the nation, women’s role in society and their aspirations, the development of future generations and fundamental belief systems such as those concerning religion and racial attitudes. However, it is simplistic to assume

The Course of The Great Depression Essay - 3525 Words

The Course of The Great Depression The October 1987 collapse in stock prices conjured visions of 1929 and the Great Depression. Focus on this period is natural because the 32 percent decline in stock values between the market closes of October 13 and 19, 1987, was of the magnitude of--indeed, it actually exceeded--the October 1929 debacle. Focus on this period is also appropriate because, despite all that has been learned since to help assure economic stability, we cannot be completely confident that history will not repeat itself. Consequently, this first section reviews events of the Depression era. The stock market Crash of October 1929 is frequently credited with triggering the Depression. The decline was severe and extended;†¦show more content†¦The increase in required reserves, which necessarily accompanied the bulge in the money supply resulting from the surge in bank lending to securities firms, was met in part by sizable open market purchases of U.S. government securities by the New York Federal Reserve Bank and by discount window borrowing by New York commercial banks. According to a senior official of the New York Fed at the time, that bank kept its discount window wide open and let it be known that member banks might borrow freely to establish the reserves required against the large increase in deposits resulting from the taking over of loans called by others. As a consequence, the sharp run-up in short-term interest rates that had characterized previous financial crises was avoided in this case. Money market rates generally declined in the first few months f ollowing October 1929. By the spring of 1930, however, the distinctly easier monetary policy that had characterized the Federal Reserves response to the stock market decline ended. Subsequent policy is more difficult to describe concisely. Open market purchases of government securities became very modest until large purchases were made in 1932. Further, although the discount rate was reduced between March 1930 and September 1931, it then was raised on two occasions late that year before falling back once again in 1932. While the direction of monetary policy was somewhat ambiguous over this period, what happened in financial marketsShow MoreRelatedThe Course of the Great Depression3590 Words   |  15 Pagesthe Great Depression. Focus on this period is natural because the 32 percent decline in stock values between the market closes of October 13 and 19, 1987, was of the magnitude of--indeed, it actually exceeded--the October 1929 debacle. Focus on this period is also appropriate because, despite all that has been learned since to help assure economic stability, we cannot be completely confident that history will not repeat itself. Consequently, this first section reviews events of the Depression eraRead MoreEssay about The Grapes of Wrath - The True American Spirit1137 Words   |  5 Pagesexcellent portrayal of the common and true Americans. While it is of course a book of deep thought and incredible symbolism, most of all The Grapes of Wrath gives these common American workers a voice and a dis tinct identity, and doesnt just turn them into a stereotype or cliche.       Steinbecks book could be regarded as one of the best books from America and perhaps the best on the subject of the Great Depression. It doesnt focus on the stock market crashing or from the upper classRead MoreThe Publics Interaction With Anxiety, Depression, And Its Treatment1587 Words   |  7 Pages The Publics Interaction with Anxiety, Depression, and its Treatment Elijah-Smith-Antonides Community College of Road Island General Psychology Traci A. Rossi December 5th, 2016 â€Æ' The Publics Interaction with Anxiety, Depression, and its Treatment The treatment of mental disorders has made a huge amount of progress since the original days of cutting open a person’s head and letting the demons leak out. It seems that depression and anxiety are on the rise these days demanding more attentionRead MoreThe 1930S, Also Known As The Era Of The Great Depression,968 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1930s, also known as the era of the Great Depression, was a hard time not only in the United States, but all throughout the world. However, the United States was not just struggling financially, but had conflicting morales. During the Great Depression, the United States had two different presidents, Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt. These two presidents have very different opinions on how to try and bring the United States out of the Depression. Herbert Hoover wanted to limit governmentRead MoreHerbert Hoover, One of the Worst Presidents in American History885 Words   |  4 Pagesthe plague known as the Great Depression, Herbert H oover is often seen as one of the worst presidents in American history. He enacted policies such as the Hawley-Smoot Tariff that flushed America deeper into the depression. Hoover didnt understand that to solve a crisis such as a depression, he needed to interact directly with the people by using programs such as social security and welfare. Instead, Hoover had the idea that if he were to let the depression run its course, it would eventually endRead MoreHist 405 Entire Course1041 Words   |  5 PagesHIST 405 Entire Course Purchase here https://sellfy.com/p/LgnV/ Product Description HIST 405 Final ExamHIST 405 Quiz Week 2 HIST 405 Quiz Week 4 HIST 405 Quiz Week 6 HIST 405 Week 1 DQ 1 The Cost of Expansion HIST 405 Week 1 DQ 2 Colonial Identities HIST 405 Week 2 DQ 1 The American Revolution HIST 405 Week 2 DQ 2 Confederation and Constitution HIST 405 Week 2 Webliography HIST 405 Week 3 DQ 1 The Market Revolution HIST 405 Week 3 DQ 2 Manifest Destiny HIST 405 Week 4 AssignmentRead MoreHist 405 Entire Course945 Words   |  4 PagesHIST 405 Entire Course Purchase here https://sellfy.com/p/LgnV/ Product Description HIST 405 Final ExamHIST 405 Quiz Week 2 HIST 405 Quiz Week 4 HIST 405 Quiz Week 6 HIST 405 Week 1 DQ 1 The Cost of Expansion HIST 405 Week 1 DQ 2 Colonial Identities HIST 405 Week 2 DQ 1 The American Revolution HIST 405 Week 2 DQ 2 Confederation and Constitution HIST 405 Week 2 Webliography HIST 405 Week 3 DQ 1 The Market Revolution HIST 405 Week 3 DQ 2 Manifest Destiny HIST 405 Week 4 AssignmentRead MoreCompare and Contrast  the Way Keynes and Friedman Approach the Economy701 Words   |  3 Pagesprofound and so was what they shared. Believe it or not, neither won or lost: todays policy orthodoxies are a synthesis of their two approaches.( http://gecon.blogspot.com July 19, 2009) Some of there key differences were Keynes thought the great depression caused the free market to fail; Friedman decided, instead, that the Federal Reserve had failed. Keynes trusted in discretion for sophisticated mandarins like himself; Friedman believed that the only safe government was one bound by tight rulesRead MoreThe Consequences Of The Great Depression875 Words   |  4 Pagesthe consequences of the great depression in France. For this paper, to identify the consequences of the great depression in France I will have to obtain a variety of sources that explain how they got involved. Using these sources I will be able to figure out who was mainly damaged and how they try to resolve issues. I will also be able to identify who else was involved that may have caused things get worse. Information of France before and after the great depression will also be helpful to analyzeRead MoreEssay on John Maynard Keynes Versus Friederich A. Hayek603 Words   |  3 Pagesthinkers of the of the early twentieth century, John Maynard Keynes and Friedrich A. Hayek, hold very different economic viewpoints. Keynes is among the most famous economic philosophers. Keynes, whos theories gained a reputation during the Great Depression in the 1930s, focused mainly on an economys bust. It is where the economy declines and finally bottoms-out, that Keynesian economics believes the answers lie for its eventual recovery. On the oth er hand, Hayek believed that in studying the

Medical Physiology Biology (Endocrine System)

Question: Discuss about the Medical Physiology for Biology (Endocrine System). Answer: 1. The endocrine system consists of a collection of different glands, which are concerned, with the secretion of hormones. This system is considered as one of the most integrative systems within the human body since the hormones that are produced by the endocrine glands act at a distance and several of these hormones act in diverse organs of the body (Melmed et al. 2015). This essay aims to describe the role of the main hormones and the endocrine glands that produce different hormones. It will explain the role of the blood stream in the process. In addition, it will also explain the role of the target cells and several other mechanisms that are associated with the endocrine system. This system is responsible for signaling the information. Its mechanisms as well as effects are slow in initiation but are extended in response as they last from a small number of hours to weeks. The study of the endocrine system and the disorders which are associated with it is known as endocrinology, which is a branch of internal medicine (Fuxe 2013). The important glands of the endocrine system include the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pineal gland, hypothalamus, testes, ovaries and pancreas. The distinctive features of these glands include their ductless nature, presence of intracellular vacuoles and their vascular nature (Boron and Boulpaep 2016). Hormones are the effectors of the endocrine system. The different glands of the endocrine system secrete them and they are collected through circulation. Some of the hormones are proteins as for e.g. glucagon and insulin while other hormones are derived from proteins or in other words, they are modified amino acids, for e.g. noradrenaline and adrenaline. A few of the hormones are steroids, such as estrogen and corticosteroids (Melmed et al. 2015). The hormone melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland is produced at night and is associated with the circadian rhythm circulation (Axelrod 2013). This hormone has an important function in regulating the several functions of the body that are associated with the night-day cycle. The hormones that are secreted by the thyroid gland includes three hormones namely, triiodothyronine, Thyroxine, and calcitonin. Thyroxine is concerned with the stimulation of body oxygen and consumption of energy. It increases the basal metabolic rate and promotes protein synthesis. Triiodothyronine performs similar functions like thyroxine. Calcitonin is responsible for the stimulation of osteoblasts. The pancreas is a mixed gland and secretes the hormones such as glucagon, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin (Zarrow 2012). Glucagon enhances the blood glucose level. Insulin helps in glycolysis and glycogenesis in muscle and liver from the blood. Somatostatin inhibits the release of glucagon and insulin. Pancreatic polypeptide is concerned with the regulation of the activities of pancreatic secretion. The adrenal glands secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline. Adrenaline boosts glucose and oxygen supply to the muscles and brain, dilation of pupils. Noradrenaline improves the readiness of the skeletal muscles. The testes secrete the hormones like testosterone and estradiol. Testesterone helps in the maturation of sex organs, scrotum formation and growth of axillary hairs and beard. Estradiol prevents apoptosis of the germ cells. The ovaries secrete progesterone and estrogen. Progesterone plays a significant role during pregnancy while estrogen is concerned with several functions of the body (Sherwood 2015). The blood stream plays a significant role in the endocrine system as the blood collects the different hormones that are produced by the endocrine glands and they reach to the target organs through circulation (Fuxe 2013). Hence, for the proper functioning of the endocrine system, circulatory system is essential. In the absence of the circulatory system, the feature of action at distance of the endocrine system would not take place. After passing through the blood stream, the communication of the hormones with the body occurs which is headed towards the target cells for bringing about a specific effect or alteration to the cell. The hormones can also lead to alterations in the cells of the adjacent tissues (Norris and Carr 2013). Receptors are present on the target cells, these receptors are specific for every hormone, and their activation is carried out either through water-soluble hormones or lipid/fat soluble hormones. The diffusion of lipid/fat soluble hormones occurs through the plasma membrane for entering into the target cell and binding with a receptor protein on the cells plasma membrane. On the other hand, the water-soluble hormones bind with a receptor protein on the cells plasma membrane (Labhart 2012). Polypeptide/protein hormones act on the cells which act as specific targets. Binding occurs with the receptors that are located on cell surface. These receptors are glycoproteins and proteins that are fixed in the cell membrane (Sherwood 2015). Examples of polypeptide/protein hormones comprise insulin secreted from the pancreas and adrenocorticotropin secreted from the pituitary gland. Eicosanoids like prostaglandins and Catecholamines such as epinephrine discover their receptors sticked to the cell membrane of the target cells. Polypeptide and steroid hormones both are concerned with the regulation of gene expression by involving a communication with the core complex of transcription through the similar injector. The receptor of polypeptide hormones is exceptional to the specific target cell. The polypeptide receptors use three different classes of cell surface receptors namely, Ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein receptors and catalytic receptors. On the other hand, the receptors of steroid hormones occur in all the nucleated cells. They work at a slower pace and require elevated concentrations (Zarrow 2012). To conclude, the endocrine system plays an important role and has several functions overall. It is responsible for secretion of hormones, metabolism, growth and several other activities of the cells. It acts as an information signal system. This system is considered to be one of the most integrative systems within the human body since the hormones that are produced by the endocrine glands act at a distance and numerous of these hormones act in diverse organs of the body. It is also responsible for maintaining homeostasis of the body. If this system lacks a proper functioning, then it leads to the development of several diseases associated with growth and metabolism. 2. Homeostasis and its Role Homeostasis refers to the way by which a stable environment is maintained by the body. It is essential for our body to maintain a stable environment for the cells for functioning in a correct manner (Hardie 2015). It keeps the internal environment of the body balanced. The well-recognized homeostats in the human body and other mammalians are the regulators that are concerned in keeping the composition of the internal environment constituting of extracellular fluids constant, particularly with respect to pH, temperature, osmolality and Ca2+, K+, Na+, O2, CO2 and Glucose concentrations (Ramsay and Woods 2014). The control mechanisms of homeostasis have at least three components that are dependent on each other, namely, receptor, effector and integrating center. The receptor is responsible for sensing the environmental stimuli and sends the information to the integrating center (Waugh and Grant 2014).This center is usually a region in the brain known as the hypothalamus, which is concer ned with the signaling of an effector for responding to the stimuli. An effector refers to any tissue or organ, which receives information from the integrating center and works to result in the changes required for maintaining homeostasis. Negative and positive feedbacks are central to understand the process of homeostasis (Ramsay and Woods 2014). Negative feedback Almost all the control mechanisms of homeostasis are negative feedback mechanisms. It occurs when the systems require slowing down or completely stopping a process, which is taking place (Hardie 2015). For example, when food substances are consumed, they travel in the stomach. After this, the process of digestion commences. It works by involving different hormones together with the nerve impulses for stopping as well as starting the acids secretion in the stomach. An additional instance of negative feedback is sweating (Waugh and Grant 2014). Positive Feedback In positive feedback mechanism for maintaining homeostasis, the enhancement of an output occurs. It is responsible for amplifying the action of a system or encouraging a physiological process (Ramsay and Woods 2014). Positive feedback involves a cyclic process, which can continue for amplifying the response of the body to stimuli until there is a takeover of response of negative feedback (Waugh and Grant 2014). A very good illustration of positive feedback can also take place inside the stomach. It usually secretes pepsinogen, which is an inactive enzyme (Waugh and Grant 2014). Since pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the body, it activates a process that aids in the conversion of the molecules of pepsinogen to pepsin. After the occurrence of this cascade effect, the stomach gets sufficient molecules of pepsin for digesting proteins (Hall 2015). Homeostasis of blood Glucose levels In our bodies, glucose acts as a fuel for the cells but for diffusing into the cells, it is too big. Instead, it requires to be transported into the cells. Pancreas produces a hormone, namely insulin, which facilitates the transport of glucose into the cells (Hall 2015). Insulin reduces the levels of blood glucose as a result of facilitating the transport of glucose into the cells via bloodstream (Hardie 2015). It also slows down the production of glucose from the amino acids glycogen and fatty acids. Insulin is responsible for the stimulation of formation of glycogen from glucose. These functions of insulin assist in lowering the blood glucose levels (Waugh and Grant 2014). Homeostasis of Blood Glucose Levels (Negative Feedback) Oxytocin in a normal labour- Homeostasis Oxytocin is a hormone, which is produced by the endocrine system and is responsible to stimulating uterus contraction. This leads to the development of pain, which is sensed through the nervous system (Kenkel, Yee and Carter 2014). Instead of minimizing, the oxytocin and causing the pain to drop, additional production of oxytocin occurs until the contractions become powerful enough leading to the birth of the child. During labor in females, this hormone is released and is responsible for intensification and speeding up of the contractions. The birth of the child ends oxytocin release and the mechanism of positive feedback ends too (Burgos et al. 2016). Oxytocin in a normal labour- Positive feedback (Flowchart) 3. This study aims to critically analyse the use of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) in the human body. It is a type of hormone therapy in which the patients during their course of medical treatment are made to receive hormones either for supplementing a shortage of hormones that occur naturally or for substituting other hormones in place of the naturally occurring hormones (Tucker et al. 2016). This therapy utilizes normal concentrations of hormone supplements for returning the hormone levels within the normal ranges. The common types hormone replacement therapy comprise of the following: Hormone Replacement Therapy for Menopause- It utilizes one or more medication groups that are designed for boosting the hormone levels artificially and is based on the thought that the treatment may lead to the prevention of discomfort, which is caused by reducing the circulating progesterone and estrogen hormones. The major hormones that are involved with this therapy include progesterone, estrogen and in some cases testosterone. This therapy is often referred to as treatment (Jordahl et al. 2015). Androgen Replacement Therapy- Involves treatment by hormones frequently prescribes to contradict male hypogonadism effects (Kotsopoulos et al. 2016). It is also prescribed for delaying the onset of aging in males. In addition, this therapy is utilized for the males with reduced testicular functions, cancer, along with some other reasons (Jordahl et al. 2015). Hormone Replacement Therapy for Transgender individuals This therapy is involved with the introduction of hormones that are associated with the sexual category identified by the patient (for trans women estrogen is used and for trans men testosterone is used). A number of intersex individuals may receive HRT. For transgender people, Cross-sex hormone treatment is divided into two- hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female), hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male) (Hou et al. 2013). Hormone replacement therapy was first discovered in the year 1940 but it became more prominent in the year 1960 and had created a revolution in menopause management in women (Kuh et al., 2016). It was prescribed generally for the relief symptoms of the menopausal women such as genito-urinary and psychological problems, night sweats, hot flushes, sleep disturbances, vaginal dryness, reduced sexual drive and mood swings (Shapiro et al. 2013). This therapy has been revealed to possess several beneficial effects (Kuh et al., 2016). A study carried out in women demonstrated that the women who took estrogen through HRT revealed that the prefrontal cortex is positively affected by estrogen by enhancing the working memory (Jordahl et al. 2015). It proposes that estrogen play a significant role in certain functions of the frontal lobe in women. The women who utilized HRT subsequent to menopause did not gained additional weight in comparison to the women who did not utilize HRT (Kuh et al., 2016). In addition, the women who used HRT together with a component of estrogen exhibited positive effects in their sexual life, as their sexual sensitivity and sexual drive increased but the effects were contradictory across women (Kotsopoulos et al. 2016). In addition to the benefits, there are also some identified risks of this therapy as some researchers have proved that some HRT forms enhance the risk of womb (endometrial) cancer. (Tucker et al. 2016). Nonetheless, previous research has revealed that the integrated form of HRT poses a bigger risk of developing breast cancer in comparison to estrogen or tibolone. It can result in side effects such as headaches, indigestion, nausea, vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain (Shapiro et al. 2013). A study in the menopausal women utilizing HRT along with progestin as the main constituent of the therapy revealed some negative effects with respect to hearing that highlighted the significance of selecting bioidentical progesterone rather than synthetic progestin. It has also been revealed in some of the situations that menopausal women who had a role of caregiving and receiving HRT are more prone to suffer from cardiovascular diseases (Kuh et al., 2016). To avoid the risks of HRT, it is necessary to utilize the most efficient delivery method of progesterone as well as estrogen. The patients and the healthcare providers should discuss the benefit and risks of the individuals particularly the women. If the individuals decided to take HRT, then it should be of a lowest dose and that assists for the shortest time required. It is a kind of hormone therapy in which the patients during their course of medical treatment are made to receive hormones either for supplementing a shortage of hormones that occur naturally or for substituting other hormones in place of the naturally occurring hormones (Shapiro et al. 2013). References Axelrod, J. ed., 2013.The pineal gland and its endocrine role(Vol. 65). Springer Science Business Media. Boron, W.F. and Boulpaep, E.L., 2016.Medical physiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. Burgos, J., Arana, I., Garitano, I., Rodrguez, L., Cobos, P., Osuna, C., del Mar Centeno, M. and Fernndez-Llebrez, L., 2016. Induction of labor in breech presentation at term: a retrospective cohort study.Journal of perinatal medicine. Fuxe, K. ed., 2013.Central regulation of the endocrine system(Vol. 42). Springer Science Business Media. Hall, J.E., 2015.Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hardie, D.G., 2015. AMPK: positive and negative regulation, and its role in whole-body energy homeostasis.Current opinion in cell biology,33, pp.1-7. Hou, N., Hong, S., Wang, W., Olopade, O.I., Dignam, J.J. and Huo, D., 2013. Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer: heterogeneous risks by race, weight, and breast density.Journal of the National Cancer Institute,105(18), pp.1365-1372. Jordahl, K.M., Doody, D.R., Zhang, Y., Yan, D., Randolph, T.W., Johnson, L.G., Li, C.I., Kelsey, K., Houseman, E.A., Wang, P. and Malone, K.E., 2015. Hormone replacement therapy and genome-wide DNA methylation among post-menopausal women.Cancer Research,75(15 Supplement), pp.2772-2772. Kenkel, W.M., Yee, J.R. and Carter, C.S., 2014. Is oxytocin a maternalfoetal signalling molecule at birth? Implications for development.Journal of neuroendocrinology,26(10), pp.739-749. Kotsopoulos, J., Huzarski, T., Gronwald, J., Moller, P., Lynch, H.T., Neuhausen, S.L., Senter, L., Demsky, R., Foulkes, W.D., Eng, C. and Karlan, B., 2016. Hormone replacement therapy after menopause and risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers: a casecontrol study.Breast cancer research and treatment,155(2), pp.365-373. Kuh, D., Muthuri, S., Cooper, R., Moore, A., MacKinnon, K., Cooper, C., Adams, J.E., Hardy, R. and Ward, K.A., 2016. Menopause, reproductive life, hormone replacement therapy and bone phenotype at age 6064: a British birth cohort.The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, pp.jc-2016. Labhart, A., 2012.Clinical endocrinology: theory and practice. Springer Science Business Media. Melmed, S., Polonsky, K.S., Larsen, P.R. and Kronenberg, H.M., 2015.Williams textbook of endocrinology. Elsevier Health Sciences. Norris, D.O. and Carr, J.A., 2013.Vertebrate endocrinology. Academic Press. Ramsay, D.S. and Woods, S.C., 2014. Clarifying the roles of homeostasis and allostasis in physiological regulation.Psychological review,121(2), p.225. Shapiro, S., Farmer, R.D., Stevenson, J.C., Burger, H.G., Mueck, A.O. and Gompel, A., 2013. Does hormone replacement therapy (HRT) cause breast cancer? An application of causal principles to three studies.Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care,39(2), pp.80-88. Sherwood, L., 2015.Human physiology: from cells to systems. Cengage learning. Tucker, P.E., Bulsara, M.K., Salfinger, S.G., Tan, J.J.S., Green, H. and Cohen, P.A., 2016. The effects of pre-operative menopausal status and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on sexuality and quality of life after risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy.Maturitas,85, pp.42-48. Waugh, A. and Grant, A., 2014.Ross Wilson anatomy and physiology in health and illness. Elsevier Health Sciences. Zarrow, M.X., 2012.Experimental endocrinology: a sourcebook of basic techniques. Elsevier.